有一段時期，佛陀住在王舍城的竹林精舍裡。這一天，遊方行者婆蹉前來參訪。他合掌向佛行禮問訊後，就退坐在一旁，向佛陀問道：「喬達摩，你是否認為『有情眾生有不朽的自我』（世間常），而且主張這才是唯一的真理，其餘都是謬誤的見解？」佛陀回答道：「婆蹉，那不是如來的知見，如來也沒有主張它是唯一的真理。」
婆蹉接著問道：「喬達摩，那麼你如何評論以下這些見解：『有情眾生沒有不朽的自我』、 『眾生界有其邊際』、『眾生界沒有邊際』、『靈魂與肉身是一體的』、『靈魂與肉身兩者分立併存』、『《如來死後存在》hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā』、『《如來死後不存在》na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā』、『《如來死後既可說是存在、亦可說是不存在》hoti ca na ca hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā』、『《如來死後既不能說它存在、亦不能說它不存在》neva hoti na na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā』？你是否主張它們之中的任何一說為真理？」佛陀回答道：「婆蹉，你提的這些都不是如來知見，如來也沒有主張它們之中的任何一說為真理。」
聽了佛陀的回答後，婆蹉不解地問道：「前述那些 見解有甚麼過患，以致於您要完全摒棄它們？」佛陀回答道：「那些見解是顛倒之見、偏枯之見、歪曲之見、茫然之見、繫縛之見，只能不斷引生出痛苦、煩惱、絕 望與不安，而且不能令人斷愛去執、得到內明之智慧，也不能止息眾苦、通達涅槃。正因為了知前述那些見解的過患，如來完全摒棄了它們。」
婆蹉問道：「喬達摩，你自己的見解是甚麼呢？」佛陀回答道：「一位完成了梵行、成就正覺的聖者超越一切見解，親證實相，如實了知色、受、想、 行、識的生起、聚集、滅去、覺受與過患，因此對於五蘊不再有絲毫愛染，完全斷除了一切有關於『我』、『我的』、『自我』．．．等等虛妄的觀念與習氣，捨離塵勞世累，心意純淨無染，止息了眾苦。」
婆蹉又問道：「喬達摩，一位完成了梵行、得到究竟解脫的比丘在死後會往生至何方呢？」佛陀回答 道：「婆蹉，『往生』的提法在這裡是不恰當的。」婆蹉問道：「那麼您的意思是說他不往生了？」佛陀回答道：「婆蹉，『不往生』的提法在這裡也不恰當。」婆蹉問道：「這麼說來，他既往生、亦不往生？」佛陀回答道：「婆蹉，『既往生、亦不往生』的提法在這裡仍然不恰當。」婆蹉問道：「那麼，他既非往生、亦非不 往生？」佛陀回答道：「婆蹉，『既非往生、亦非不往生』的提法在這裡還是不恰當。」
婆蹉又問道：「喬達摩，我問您一位完成了梵行、得到究竟解脫的比丘在死後的去處，您卻一概說我的提法不恰當（問題沒有意義）。這已經超出了我的理解能力，實在令我困惑不已，連原先從他人的讚譽而對您生起的一絲信心都要消失殆盡了！」佛陀回答道：「婆蹉，你的不解與迷惑是正常的，因為此法甚深，難知難見，惟有智者與聖弟子才明白它。婆蹉，長久以來，你有著自己 的信仰與師承，有著自己的見解與修行，要在如來的法中見到真理，那是很艱難的。」
佛陀接著說道：「婆蹉，我現在問你幾個問題，你可以隨意 回答。婆蹉，倘若有人在你面前生起火來，你會看到並且知道『這火正在我面前燃燒著』這個事實，是嗎？」婆蹉回答道：「不錯！」佛陀問道：「婆蹉，倘若有人 問你『在你面前這堆火靠甚麼而能繼續燃燒？』，你會如何回答他？」婆蹉回答道：「喬達摩，我會如實回答他說：『這火能繼續燃燒，是靠著不斷添加薪 草。』。」佛陀問道：「婆蹉，如果在你面前這火熄滅了，你也能清楚看到並且知道它熄滅了。是嗎？」婆蹉回答道：「不錯！」佛陀問道：「婆蹉，那麼如果有人 問你說：『那在你面前熄滅的火去了哪裡？去了東方？去了西方？去了南方？去了北方？』，你會如何回答他？」婆蹉回答道：「喬達摩，在這個場合，『熄滅的火 去了哪裡？』的問法不恰當。那火能繼續燃燒，乃是因為有薪草為燃料。當燃料耗盡，無所依憑，火就熄滅了；說它去了東方、西方、南方、北方．．．乃至任何地方，都是錯誤的說法。」
佛陀開示道：「同樣的道理，婆蹉！一位完成了梵行、成就正覺的聖者已摒棄了色、受、想、行、 識（五蘊）之內、外、全部或一部有人、我、眾生之謬見與習氣，斷除了對它們的貪愛與執取，猶如截斷的多羅樹頭不復生一般，於未來永不再受生。婆蹉！他就如大海一樣的深廣而不可測度，無論說他『往生』、『不往生』、『既往生、亦不往生』或『既非往生、亦非不往生』，都是謬妄的說法。」
聽了佛陀這番開示，遊方行者婆蹉讚歎道：「喬達摩！好比在距離村莊、聚落不遠的肥沃土地上生長著一株高大的娑羅樹，由於歲久年深，枝、葉、樹皮、邊材都已凋零，最後只有主幹獨立不搖。喬達摩！您宣說的法義正如同這株枝、葉、皮、邊材都已凋零的大樹一樣，歷久而堅立不搖！」
經過佛陀的開示，遊方行者婆蹉充滿法喜，起身頂禮告退。
MN.72/ Aggivacchasuttaṃ
187. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Atha kho vacchagotto paribbājako yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho vacchagotto paribbājako bhagavantaṃ etadavoca–
“Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘sassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘sassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, ‘asassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘asassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘antavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘antavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, ‘anantavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘anantavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘taṃ jīvaṃ taṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘taṃ jīvaṃ taṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, ‘aññaṃ jīvaṃ aññaṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘aññaṃ jīvaṃ aññaṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, ‘na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘hoti ca na ca hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi – ‘hoti ca na ca hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, ‘neva hoti na na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo”ti? “Na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘neva hoti na na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’”ti.
“‘Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, sassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– sassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, asassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha evaṃdiṭṭhi– asassato loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, antavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– antavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, anantavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– anantavā loko, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, taṃ jīvaṃ taṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– taṃ jīvaṃ taṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, aññaṃ jīvaṃ aññaṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– aññaṃ jīvaṃ aññaṃ sarīraṃ, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi.
“‘Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, hoti ca na ca hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– hoti ca na ca hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi. ‘Kiṃ pana, bho gotama, neva hoti na na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti– evaṃdiṭṭhi bhavaṃ gotamo’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na kho ahaṃ, vaccha, evaṃdiṭṭhi– neva hoti na na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññan’ti vadesi.
“Kiṃ pana bho gotamo ādīnavaṃ sampassamāno evaṃ imāni sabbaso diṭṭhigatāni anupagato”ti?
189. “‘Sassato loko’ti kho, vaccha, diṭṭhigatametaṃ diṭṭhigahanaṃ diṭṭhikantāro diṭṭhivisūkaṃ diṭṭhivipphanditaṃ diṭṭhisaṃyojanaṃ sadukkhaṃ savighātaṃ sa-upāyāsaṃ sapariḷāhaṃ, na nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati ‘Asassato loko’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘antavā loko’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘anantavā loko’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘taṃ jīvaṃ taṃ sarīran’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘aññaṃ jīvaṃ aññaṃ sarīran’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘hoti ca na ca hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā’ti kho, vaccha …pe… ‘neva hoti na na hoti tathāgato paraṃ maraṇā’ti kho, vaccha, diṭṭhigatametaṃ diṭṭhigahanaṃ diṭṭhikantāro diṭṭhivisūkaṃ diṭṭhivipphanditaṃ diṭṭhisaṃyojanaṃ sadukkhaṃ savighātaṃ sa-upāyāsaṃ sapariḷāhaṃ, na nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati. Imaṃ kho ahaṃ, vaccha, ādīnavaṃ sampassamāno evaṃ imāni sabbaso diṭṭhigatāni anupagato”ti.
“Atthi pana bhoto gotamassa kiñci diṭṭhigatan”ti? “Diṭṭhigatanti kho, vaccha, apanītametaṃ tathāgatassa. Diṭṭhañhetaṃ, vaccha, tathāgatena– ‘iti rūpaṃ, iti rūpassa samudayo, iti rūpassa atthaṅgamo; iti vedanā, iti vedanāya samudayo, iti vedanāya atthaṅgamo; iti saññā, iti saññāya samudayo, iti saññāya atthaṅgamo; iti saṅkhārā, iti saṅkhārānaṃ samudayo, iti saṅkhārānaṃ atthaṅgamo; iti viññāṇaṃ, iti viññāṇassa samudayo, iti viññāṇassa atthaṅgamo’ti. Tasmā tathāgato sabbamaññitānaṃ sabbamathitānaṃ sabba-ahaṃkāramamaṃkāramānānusayānaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā anupādā vimuttoti vadāmī”ti.
“Evaṃ vimuttacitto pana, bho gotama, bhikkhu kuhiṃ upapajjatī”ti? “Upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upeti”. “Tena hi, bho gotama, na upapajjatī”ti? “Na upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upeti”. “Tena hi, bho gotama, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatī”ti? “Upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upeti”. “Tena hi, bho gotama, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatī”ti? “Neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upeti”.
“‘Evaṃ vimuttacitto pana, bho gotama, bhikkhu kuhiṃ upapajjatī’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upetī’ti vadesi. ‘Tena hi, bho gotama, na upapajjatī’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘na upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upetī’ti vadesi. ‘Tena hi, bho gotama, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatī’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upetī’ti vadesi. ‘Tena hi, bho gotama, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatī’ti iti puṭṭho samāno ‘neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti kho, vaccha, na upetī’ti vadesi. Etthāhaṃ, bho gotama, aññāṇamāpādiṃ, ettha sammohamāpādiṃ. Yāpi me esā bhoto gotamassa purimena kathāsallāpena ahu pasādamattā sāpi me etarahi antarahitā”ti. “Alañhi te, vaccha, aññāṇāya, alaṃ sammohāya. Gambhīro hāyaṃ, vaccha, dhammo duddaso duranubodho santo paṇīto atakkāvacaro nipuṇo paṇḍitavedanīyo. So tayā dujjāno aññadiṭṭhikena aññakhantikena aññarucikena aññatrayogena aññatrācariyakena”.
“Tena hi, vaccha, taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi; yathā te khameyya tathā naṃ byākareyyāsi. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, vaccha, sace te purato aggi jaleyya, jāneyyāsi tvaṃ– ‘ayaṃ me purato aggi jalatī’”ti? “Sace me, bho gotama, purato aggi jaleyya, jāneyyāhaṃ– ‘ayaṃ me purato aggi jalatī’”ti.
“Sace pana taṃ, vaccha, evaṃ puccheyya– ‘yo te ayaṃ purato aggi jalati ayaṃ aggi kiṃ paṭicca jalatī’ti, evaṃ puṭṭho tvaṃ, vaccha, kinti byākareyyāsī”ti? “Sace maṃ, bho gotama, evaṃ puccheyya– ‘yo te ayaṃ purato aggi jalati ayaṃ aggi kiṃ paṭicca jalatī’ti, evaṃ puṭṭho ahaṃ, bho gotama, evaṃ byākareyyaṃ ‘yo me ayaṃ purato aggi jalati ayaṃ aggi tiṇakaṭṭhupādānaṃ paṭicca jalatī’”ti.
“Sace te, vaccha, purato so aggi nibbāyeyya, jāneyyāsi tvaṃ– ‘ayaṃ me purato aggi nibbuto’”ti? “Sace me, bho gotama, purato so aggi nibbāyeyya, jāneyyāhaṃ– ‘ayaṃ me purato aggi nibbuto’”ti.
“Sace pana taṃ, vaccha, evaṃ puccheyya– ‘yo te ayaṃ purato aggi nibbuto so aggi ito katamaṃ disaṃ gato– puratthimaṃ vā dakkhiṇaṃ vā pacchimaṃ vā uttaraṃ vā’ti, evaṃ puṭṭho tvaṃ, vaccha, kinti byākareyyāsī”ti? “Na upeti, bho gotama, yañhi so, bho gotama, aggi tiṇakaṭṭhupādānaṃ paṭicca ajali tassa ca pariyādānā aññassa ca anupahārā anāhāro nibbuto tveva saṅkhyaṃ gacchatī”ti.
“Evameva kho, vaccha, yena rūpena tathāgataṃ paññāpayamāno paññāpeyya taṃ rūpaṃ tathāgatassa pahīnaṃ ucchinnamūlaṃ tālāvatthukataṃ anabhāvaṃkataṃ āyatiṃ anuppādadhammaṃ. Rūpasaṅkhayavimutto kho, vaccha, tathāgato gambhīro appameyyo duppariyogāḷho– seyyathāpi mahāsamuddo. Upapajjatīti na upeti, na upapajjatīti na upeti, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti na upeti, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti na upeti.
“Yāya vedanāya tathāgataṃ paññāpayamāno paññāpeyya sā vedanā tathāgatassa pahīnā ucchinnamūlā tālāvatthukatā anabhāvaṃkatā āyatiṃ anuppādadhammā. Vedanāsaṅkhayavimutto kho, vaccha, tathāgato gambhīro appameyyo duppariyogāḷho– seyyathāpi mahāsamuddo. Upapajjatīti na upeti, na upapajjatīti na upeti, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti na upeti, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti na upeti.
“Yāya saññāya tathāgataṃ paññāpayamāno paññāpeyya sā saññā tathāgatassa pahīnā ucchinnamūlā tālāvatthukatā anabhāvaṃkatā āyatiṃ anuppādadhammā. Saññāsaṅkhayavimutto kho, vaccha, tathāgato gambhīro appameyyo duppariyogāḷho– seyyathāpi mahāsamuddo. Upapajjatīti na upeti, na upapajjatīti na upeti, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti na upeti, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti na upeti.
“Yehi saṅkhārehi tathāgataṃ paññāpayamāno paññāpeyya te saṅkhārā tathāgatassa pahīnā ucchinnamūlā tālāvatthukatā anabhāvaṃkatā āyatiṃ anuppādadhammā. Saṅkhārasaṅkhayavimutto kho, vaccha, tathāgato gambhīro appameyyo duppariyogāḷho– seyyathāpi mahāsamuddo. Upapajjatīti na upeti na upapajjatīti na upeti, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti na upeti, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti na upeti.
“Yena viññāṇena tathāgataṃ paññāpayamāno paññāpeyya taṃ viññāṇaṃ tathāgatassa pahīnaṃ ucchinnamūlaṃ tālāvatthukataṃ anabhāvaṃkataṃ āyatiṃ anuppādadhammaṃ. Viññāṇasaṅkhayavimutto kho, vaccha, tathāgato gambhīro appameyyo duppariyogāḷho– seyyathāpi mahāsamuddo. Upapajjatīti na upeti, na upapajjatīti na upeti, upapajjati ca na ca upapajjatīti na upeti, neva upapajjati na na upapajjatīti na upeti”.
Evaṃ vutte, vacchagotto paribbājako bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “seyyathāpi, bho gotama, gāmassa vā nigamassa vā avidūre mahāsālarukkho. Tassa aniccatā sākhāpalāsā palujjeyyuṃ, tacapapaṭikā palujjeyyuṃ, pheggū palujjeyyuṃ; so aparena samayena apagatasākhāpalāso apagatatacapapaṭiko apagataphegguko suddho assa, sāre patiṭṭhito; evameva bhoto gotamassa pāvacanaṃ apagatasākhāpalāsaṃ apagatatacapapaṭikaṃ apagatapheggukaṃ suddhaṃ, sāre patiṭṭhitaṃ. Abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama …pe… upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gatan”ti.
圖文取自 Maiar Morinehtar 臉書
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